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Entities

216 entitys

A. J. Ayer
British philosopher, the principal English-language exponent of logical positivism in the 1940s–60s. Author of Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) — the foundational English-language statement of Vienna-Circle positivism and verificationism.…
Abu Bakr ibn Tufayl
Andalusian Arab-Muslim polymath (c. 1105 – 1185 CE / 500 – 581 AH). Born in Guadix (Wadi Ash), trained in Granada, served as physician and courtier to the Almohad caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf in Marrakesh and Seville. Influenced by al-Farabi, Av…
Alberto Giacometti
Swiss sculptor and painter (1901–1966). In "Eye and Mind", Giacometti provides two key formulations for MP's argument:
Alcibiades
Alcibiades (c. 450–404 BCE), son of Cleinias, the brilliant and dangerous Athenian aristocrat — Pericles' ward, Socrates' most famous beloved, and a general whose career embodied unprincipled ambition: a leading Athenian politician in the…
Alexandre Kojève
Russian-born French philosopher, anthropologist of Hegel, the dominant figure of the French Hegel-Renaissance of the 1930s. Author of the Introduction à la lecture de Hegel (Gallimard, 1947, ed. Raymond Queneau) — the published form of his…
Andrew Inkpin
Philosopher at the University of Melbourne working at the intersection of phenomenology, philosophy of language, and Wittgensteinian community-of-practice analyses. Author of "Merleau-Ponty on painting, sedimentation, and the cultural worl…
André Bazin
French film theorist (1918–1958); co-founder of Cahiers du cinéma (1951) and spiritual father of the Nouvelle Vague. For the purposes of this wiki he matters because he is the only contemporary cinema figure whom Merleau-Ponty names in the…
André Breton
French poet and essayist (1896–1966), founder of Surrealism. In the wiki's context, the source of the "sublime point" concept that Merleau-Ponty adopts as a structural figure for the coincidence of antinomies — the point where "life and de…
André Malraux
French novelist, art theorist, Resistance hero, and statesman (1901–1976). Author of Les Voix du silence (1951; English: The Voices of Silence, 1953), the three-volume Psychologie de l'Art (1947, 1949, 1950: Le Musée imaginaire / La Créati…
Annabelle Dufourcq
French Merleau-Ponty scholar; author of Merleau-Ponty, une ontologie de l'imaginaire (Phaenomenologica vol. 204, Springer, 2012), a substantial monograph on MP's philosophy of the imaginary. The wiki encounters Dufourcq via Décarie-Daignea…
Aristotle
Ancient Greek philosopher (384–322 BCE), student of Plato, founder of the Lyceum, author of the Organon (the syllogistic logic), Metaphysics, Physics, De anima, Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, Poetics, and the biological works. On the wiki,…
Arthur Koestler
Hungarian-born British novelist and journalist (1905–1983); communist 1931–38; broke with the Party after the Moscow Trials and the Hitler-Stalin Pact; author of Darkness at Noon (1940, written in German as Sonnenfinsternis; first publishe…
Arthur Schopenhauer
German post-Kantian philosopher (1788–1860) whose system — laid out in Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (1818, expanded 1844) — articulates a metaphysics of the Will (the thing-in-itself underlying all phenomena), an ethics of compassion…
Auguste Rodin
French sculptor (1840–1917). In "Eye and Mind" §4, Rodin is MP's primary interlocutor on the problem of movement in painting and sculpture. Rodin's theory of the "paradoxical arrangement" — depicting the body in an attitude it never at any…
Baruch Spinoza
Dutch-Jewish rationalist philosopher (1632–1677), author of the Ethica ordine geometrico demonstrata (1677) and the Tractatus theologico-politicus (1670). On the wiki, Spinoza enters as the single most extensively engaged early-modern phil…
Benjamin Décarie-Daigneault
Penn State PhD researcher (bqd5342@psu.edu); author of two wiki-ingested papers:
Bernard Bolzano
Bohemian priest, mathematician, and logician (1781–1848), author of the Wissenschaftslehre (1837) — for Husserl "one of the greatest logicians of all time," whose work "far surpasses everything that world-literature has to offer in the way…
Bernard Groethuysen
German-French philosopher and historian of ideas (Berlin-trained, naturalized French 1937). Author of Origines de l'esprit bourgeois en France (Gallimard 1927) and Mythes et portraits (Gallimard 1947); long-time editor at the Nouvelle Revu…
Blaise Pascal
French mathematician, physicist, religious thinker, and writer (19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662). Author of the Pensées (posthumous; compositional fragments 1657–62), the Provincial Letters (1656–57), De l'esprit géométrique (c. 1657), works…
Bruno Latour
French philosopher / sociologist of science (1947–2022). Foundational figure in actor-network theory; author of We Have Never Been Modern (1991), Reassembling the Social (2005), An Inquiry into Modes of Existence (2013), and many other wor…
Bryan Smyth
Contemporary Merleau-Ponty scholar and translator. Principal English translator of MP's Collège de France inaugural-year (1952–53) Monday and Thursday courses: The Sensible World and the World of Expression (Northwestern UP, 2020 — Thursda…
Caleb Faul
Department of Philosophy and Ethics, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Author of "Ontologically Interactive Painting: On Susan Rothenberg's Three Heads," Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology 55:2 (2024), 184–197 — the wi…
Callicles
Callicles, the Athenian who is the centerpiece immoralist of Plato's Gorgias — the third and fiercest of Socrates' interlocutors, occupying "more than half" the dialogue. He is otherwise unattested outside the Gorgias (Cooper), and may be…
Carl Schmitt
German jurist and political theorist (1888–1985), author of Politische Theologie (1922), Die Diktatur (1921), Der Begriff des Politischen / The Concept of the Political (1927/1932), Der Nomos der Erde (1950), Theorie des Partisanen (1963),…
Carl Stumpf
German philosopher-psychologist (1848–1936), student of franz-brentano, professor at Berlin; teacher of the Gestalt psychologists (Köhler, Koffka, Wertheimer) and a founding figure of experimental phenomenology of sound (Tonpsychologie). F…
Christian Wolff
German philosopher (1679–1754), the systematizer of post-Leibnizian rationalism into the Schulphilosophie that dominated the eighteenth-century German universities until Kant. Author of two parallel encyclopedic systems — the Vernünftige G…
Claude Lefort
French political philosopher (1924–2010), Merleau-Ponty's student, literary executor, and principal editor of the posthumous course notes and working manuscripts. In the wiki's context, the editor of The Visible and the Invisible (1964) an…
Claude Lévi-Strauss
French anthropologist (1908–2009), founder of structural anthropology, and Merleau-Ponty's friend and colleague at the Collège de France. In Signs' "From Mauss to Claude Lévi-Strauss" (1959), MP reads Lévi-Strauss as the successor to Marce…
Claude Simon
French novelist (1913–2005), Nobel Prize in Literature 1985. In the wiki's context, the literary source of Merleau-Ponty's expression "flesh of the world" — MP explicitly cites Simon's Le Vent (1957), p. 98 in the 1961 course "Cartesian On…
Cory Stockwell
Translator of Jean-Luc Nancy's The Fragile Skin of the World (Polity, 2021), from the French La Peau fragile du monde (Galilée, 2020). The translator's notes in this volume are philosophically load-bearing — they unpack lexical-conceptual…
Critias
"Critias" names a charged ambiguity in the corpus. The speaker of Plato's Critias — the narrator of the Atlantis tale and of primeval Athens as the enacted ideal city — is, on Cooper's account, either Plato's mother's cousin, Critias the o…
Daniel Defoe
English writer (1660–1731). Author of The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719) and its sequel Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719). Also author of An Essay upon Public Credit (1710), cited by Marx in Cap…
Daniel Guérin
French historian, anarchist-communist activist, and political writer (1904–1988); author of La Lutte des classes sous la Première République (2 vols., 1946), Fascisme et grand capital (1936), Où va le peuple américain? (1950), and many wor…
Daniel W. Smith
Daniel W. Smith is the translator of Pierre Klossowski's Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle (English edition, Athlone / University of Chicago Press, 1997) and a noted scholar of Deleuze and twentieth-century French philosophy. His Translator…
David Morris
Contemporary Merleau-Ponty scholar at Concordia University (Montreal). Co-editor with Kym Maclaren of Time, Memory, Institution: Merleau-Ponty's New Ontology of Self (Ohio University Press, 2015), one of the principal English-language volu…
Denis Diderot
French Enlightenment philosopher (1713–1784), co-editor of the Encyclopédie (1751–72), novelist, dramatist, art critic. The wiki tracks Diderot primarily as the author of Le Neveu de Rameau (1762, published posthumously 1805) — Diderot's d…
Didier Franck
French phenomenologist (b. 1947), professor at Paris-Nanterre. Best known on the wiki for Chair et corps: Sur la phénoménologie de Husserl (Minuit 1981) — the major French study of Husserl's phenomenology of flesh and body, which proposed…
Diotima
The priestess of Mantinea whom Socrates, in Plato's Symposium (201d–212a), names as his teacher "in the things of love" (ta erōtika) and whose doctrine of love he reports. Diotima delivers the dialogue's philosophical core: love as lack an…
Dominique Baffier
French archaeologist and Aurignacian / Paleolithic-art specialist; long-time curator of the Chauvet-Pont d'Arc cave (Ardèche, France). Author of "Chauvet : la réalité augmentée" (Médium vol. 3, no. 32-33, 2012, pp. 332–340) and a featured…
Don Beith
Philosopher specializing in Merleau-Ponty, phenomenology of nature, and the philosophy of embodiment. Author of The Birth of Sense: Generative Passivity in Merleau-Ponty's Philosophy (Ohio University Press, 2018), which develops the concep…
E. H. Gombrich
Austrian-British art historian and philosopher of art (1909–2001). His Art and Illusion: A Study in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation (1960) develops a resemblance-and-schema account of pictorial representation: pictures represent…
Edmund Husserl
German philosopher (1859-1938), founder of phenomenology. In Merleau-Ponty's Course Notes, Husserl's entire philosophical trajectory is traced as an exemplary case of philosophy becoming "a problem for itself" — the internal radicalization…
Emilio Betti
Italian jurist, legal historian, and theorist of interpretation (1890–1968), author of the Teoria generale della interpretazione (1955) and Die Hermeneutik als allgemeine Methodik der Geisteswissenschaften (1962). In the wiki Betti is Gada…
Emmanuel Alloa
Contemporary continental philosopher specializing in phenomenology, aesthetics, and the legacy of Merleau-Ponty. On the wiki, Alloa is principally an editorial presence: co-editor (with Chouraqui and Kaushik) of Merleau-Ponty and Contempor…
Emmanuel de Saint Aubert
French philosopher and leading contemporary interpreter of Merleau-Ponty. Affiliated with the Husserl Archives in Paris (UMR 8547 ENS/CNRS). Author of a five-volume sequence that has systematically reconstructed MP's thought from the unpub…
Emmanuel Levinas
Lithuanian-born French philosopher (1906-1995). Author of Totality and Infinity (1961), Otherwise than Being (1974), and Existence and Existents (1947). In Knight's reading, Levinas is the principal counter-figure to Merleau-Ponty's elemen…
Emmanuel Mounier
French Catholic philosopher (1905–1950), founder and editor of the journal Esprit (1932– ), and central figure of the mid-twentieth-century personalist movement. Author of Manifeste au service du personnalisme (Aubier, 1936), Traité du car…
Ernst Cassirer
German neo-Kantian philosopher (1874–1945), best known for the Philosophie der symbolischen Formen (3 vols., 1923–29) and for the 1929 Davos disputation with Heidegger. For this wiki, Cassirer matters chiefly as the silent source of Merlea…
Erwin Panofsky
German-American art historian (1892–1968), a founder of modern iconology and the theory of "symbolic forms" in art history. In the wiki's context, Merleau-Ponty's primary source for the history of Renaissance perspective in the 1954–55 Ins…
Eugen Fink
German phenomenologist (1905–1975), Husserl's research assistant at Freiburg from 1928 to Husserl's death in 1938; principal interpreter and developer of Husserl's late transcendental phenomenology; co-author of Husserl's Sixth Cartesian M…
Felipe León
Phenomenologist working at the intersection of philosophy of mind, social philosophy, and Merleau-Ponty scholarship. Author of chapter 9 of Merleau-Ponty: Institution-Ontology-Politics (Brill 2026), the volume's third-part opening chapter…
Ferdinand de Saussure
Swiss linguist (1857–1913), founder of structural linguistics, author of the Course in General Linguistics (posthumously compiled from lectures, 1916). In Signs, especially "Indirect Language and the Voices of Silence" and "On the Phenomen…
Francis Ponge
French poet, theorist of the parti pris des choses (siding-with-things). Author of Le parti pris des choses (1942), Méthodes (1961), and the prose-poems "Notes pour un coquillage," "Le Galet," "La Pluie," "Le Cageot," "L'Orange," "L'Huître…
Franck Robert
French Merleau-Ponty scholar; co-editor of Le problème de la parole (MétisPresses 2020) and author of its postface, "Vers l'ontologie" (pp. 237-263). Also transcribed and edited MP's 1960 Collège de France course on Husserl's Origin of Geo…
Frank Chouraqui
French-trained, Anglophone-publishing philosopher of phenomenology (Leiden University), specialist on the structural convergence between Nietzsche and Merleau-Ponty on the question of truth and on the formal structure of "intra-ontology" —…
Franz Brentano
Austrian philosopher (1838–1917), Catholic priest (laicized 1873), professor at Würzburg and Vienna. Best known to the wiki as the author of the 1862 dissertation Von der mannigfachen Bedeutung des Seienden nach Aristoteles (Freiburg im Br…
Franz Xaver von Baader
Bavarian Catholic philosopher and theologian (1765–1841), the Munich collaborator and credited precursor of Schelling in the Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom (1809). Schelling explicitly credits Baader with th…
Françoise Dolto-Marette
French psychoanalyst (1908-1988), one of the cardinal figures of post-Freudian French child psychoanalysis. For the wiki, Dolto's relevance is focused: Merleau-Ponty cites her 1947 paper "La dynamique des pulsions et les réactions dites de…
Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
German philosopher (1743–1819), the principal anti-rationalist opponent in Schelling's 1809 Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom and the initiator of the Pantheismusstreit (1785). Jacobi's claim that the only cons…
Friedrich Nietzsche
German philosopher (1844–1900). Classical philologist by training, briefly professor at the University of Basel (1869–1879), author of a body of work spanning philology, cultural criticism, aesthetics, ethics, and — on Chouraqui's reading…
Friedrich Schleiermacher
German theologian and philosopher (1768–1834), the founder of modern universal hermeneutics and, in Gadamer's genealogy, the pivotal figure who deformed hermeneutics by detaching understanding from its subject-matter. In the wiki Schleierm…
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
German philosopher (1775-1854), founder of Naturphilosophie. In Knight's reading, Schelling is the decisive — and insufficiently acknowledged — influence on Merleau-Ponty's late ontology. Where the standard reception traces Merleau-Ponty's…
G. W. F. Hegel
German philosopher (1770–1831). Author of the Phänomenologie des Geistes (1807; ingested as hegel-1807-phenomenology-spirit), the Wissenschaft der Logik (1812-16, with the Doctrine of Being revised 1831-32; all three volumes now ingested —…
Gabriel Marcel
French Christian existentialist philosopher (1889–1973); author of Métaphysical Journal (1927), Être et avoir (1935; English: Being and Having 1949), Du refus à l'invocation (1940), Le Mystère de l'être (1951). One of the early-MP's princi…
Gaetano Kanizsa
Italian Gestalt psychologist (1913–1993), founder of the Trieste school of experimental phenomenology. His two book-length compendia Grammatica del vedere [A Grammar of Sight] (1980) and Vedere e pensare [On Seeing and Thinking] (1991) are…
Galen A. Johnson
Senior Anglophone Merleau-Ponty scholar; co-author (with Carbone and Saint Aubert) of Merleau-Ponty's Poetic of the World: Philosophy and Literature (Fordham University Press, 2020) — a genuine ten-year co-authorship rather than a collecte…
Galileo Galilei
Italian physicist, astronomer, and mathematician (1564–1642). In this wiki Galileo appears almost entirely through Husserl's Crisis §9, where he is the protagonist of the mathematization of nature — and the emblem of Husserl's most influen…
Gary Brent Madison
Canadian philosopher (McMaster University, Docteur en Philosophie de l'Université de Paris), author of The Phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty: A Search for the Limits of Consciousness — the foundational English-language ontological reading of…
Gaston Bachelard
French philosopher of science and imagination (1884-1962). Author of Water and Dreams (1942), The Psychoanalysis of Fire (1938), The Poetics of Space (1958), and numerous other works on the material imagination. Knight argues that Bachelar…
Georg Lukács
Hungarian Marxist philosopher, literary theorist, and political figure (1885–1971); author of Die Theorie des Romans (1916), Geschichte und Klassenbewusstsein (1923 — the single most important work for MP's engagement), Der junge Hegel (19…
Georg Simmel
Berlin philosopher and sociologist (1858–1918) whose late Lebensphilosophie — the doctrine that life produces autonomous strata that transcend life — supplies one of the cardinal twentieth-century structural-philosophical alternatives to B…
Georges Bataille
Georges Bataille (1897–1962) was a French philosopher, novelist, and essayist whose reading of Nietzsche — and whose conception of sovereignty, expenditure, and the sacred — formed the milieu from which Pierre Klossowski's Nietzsche and th…
Georges Canguilhem
French philosopher, physician, and historian of science (1904–1995), author of The Normal and the Pathological (1943), and one of the central pedagogical and institutional figures of twentieth-century French thought — a "point of contact"…
Gilbert Ryle
British analytic philosopher (1900–1976), professor of metaphysical philosophy at Oxford (1945–68), editor of Mind. Author of The Concept of Mind (1949), the foundational text of mid-century philosophical behaviourism / dispositionalism, a…
Gilbert Simondon
French philosopher (1924–1989) best known for his theory of individuation and for his rehabilitation of the philosophical significance of technical objects. On this wiki he matters primarily as the background figure behind dividuation (Car…
Gilles Deleuze
French philosopher (1925–1995), author of Difference and Repetition (1968), Logic of Sense (1969), and (with Félix Guattari) Anti-Oedipus (1972) and A Thousand Plateaus (1980). Although a generation younger than Merleau-Ponty and not typic…
Giorgio Agamben
Italian philosopher (b. 1942), author of the Homo Sacer series (Homo Sacer, 1995; State of Exception, 2003; The Kingdom and the Glory, 2007; The Use of Bodies, 2014), The Coming Community (1990), The Open: Man and Animal (2002), What Is an…
Gorgias
Gorgias of Leontini (c. 483–375 BCE), the celebrated rhetorician and sophist after whom Plato's Gorgias is named, and (in the dialogue's world) the teacher of Meno. Unlike Protagoras, the dialogue's Gorgias does not claim to teach "virtue"…
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
German philosopher and mathematician (1646–1716), author of the Monadology (1714), the Discours de métaphysique (1686), the Theodicy (1710), co-inventor (with Newton) of the differential calculus, formulator of the principium rationis suff…
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
German Aufklärung dramatist, critic, and philosopher (1729–1781), three roles in Schelling's Philosophical Investigations (1809): (1) the staged Spinozist in Jacobi's 1785 On the Doctrine of Spinoza in Letters to Mr. Moses Mendelssohn — Le…
Gottlob Frege
German logician (1848–1925), founder of modern quantificational logic and — with Bolzano behind him — "the grandfather" of analytic philosophy (Dummett). He enters the wiki through his double relation to Husserl in the Logical Investigatio…
Graham Harman
American philosopher, founder of object-oriented ontology (OOO). Co-editor of The Speculative Turn (with Levi Bryant and Nick Srnicek, 2011); one of the original 2007 Goldsmiths College SR participants. Distinguishes himself from Meillasso…
H. L. Van Breda
Belgian Franciscan philosopher and historian of phenomenology (1911–1974); founder of the Husserl Archives at the Institut Supérieur de Philosophie of the University of Louvain. In autumn 1938, after Husserl's death earlier that year, Van…
Hans-Georg Gadamer
German philosopher (1900–2002), student of Heidegger (and of the Marburg neo-Kantians), and the founder of philosophical hermeneutics. His magnum opus Truth and Method (Wahrheit und Methode, 1960) reframed hermeneutics from a methodology o…
Harold Rosenberg
American art critic, theorist of action painting (the term he coined in 1952 for Pollock's gestural abstraction). Long-term contributor to The New Yorker (art critic from 1967), Partisan Review, Commentary. MP's American intellectual inter…
Hayden Kee
Phenomenologist working primarily on Merleau-Ponty, language, and embodied / enactive cognition. Author of "From encountering foreign languages to the language of phenomenology: Merleau-Ponty and The Problem of Speech" (Continental Philoso…
Helen Keller
American author, lecturer, and political activist (1880-1968) who became deaf and blind at the age of 18-19 months following an illness, and discovered language at the age of nearly 7 through the teaching of Anne Sullivan. Her autobiograph…
Henri Bergson
French philosopher (1859-1941), Nobel laureate (1927), author of Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience (1889), Matter and Memory (1896), Creative Evolution (1907), The Two Sources of Morality and Religion (1932), and Thought an…
Henri Maldiney
French philosopher, phenomenologist of art and aesthetic experience, professor at the École des Hautes Études of Ghent and (from 1955–56) the University of Lyon. MP's earliest interlocuteur attentif and — per the Inédits I (Mimésis 2022) e…
Henri Matisse
French painter (1869–1954). In "Eye and Mind" §4, Matisse is MP's exemplar for the line as structural filament rather than contour. "Matisse's women were not immediately women; they became women" — the line does not copy a pre-existing for…
Henri Wallon
French developmental psychologist and Marxist politician (1879–1962), founder of the Enfance journal. For the purposes of this wiki, Wallon matters as the primary empirical source of Merleau-Ponty's 1950–51 Sorbonne course on The Child's R…
Hippias of Elis
A prominent sophist of the late 5th century BCE from Elis, famous for polymathy — he professed to know and teach virtually everything (mathematics, astronomy, geometry, grammar, rhetoric, mnemonics, genealogy, poetry, history) and boasted…
Immanuel Kant
German philosopher (1724-1804), author of the three Critiques. In Merleau-Ponty's philosophy, Kant represents both the paradigm of transcendental thinking and its fundamental limitation: Kant grasps the necessity of the transcendental turn…
Jacques Derrida
French philosopher (1930–2004), founder of deconstruction, author of Of Grammatology (1967), Writing and Difference (1967), Margins of Philosophy (1972), The Truth in Painting (1978), The Post Card (1980), Specters of Marx (1993), On Touch…
Jacques Lacan
French psychoanalyst (1901–1981), founder of the École freudienne de Paris and of a structuralist-linguistic rereading of Freud. For the purposes of this wiki, Lacan matters primarily as the author of "Le stade du miroir comme formateur du…
Jacques Maritain
French Catholic philosopher (1882–1973), associated with the Thomist revival and the Catholic-personalist movement. Author of Humanisme intégral (1936) / True Humanism — the cardinal Catholic-personalist political-philosophical statement o…
Jakob Böhme
German theosophist (1575–1624), shoemaker by trade, born in Alt Seidenberg (Görlitz, Saxony). Author of the Aurora (1612), De signatura rerum, Mysterium Magnum, Sex puncta theosophica, and the Mysterium Pansophicum (1620), among other theo…
Jakob von Uexküll
Estonian-German biologist (1864–1944), founder of theoretical biology and biosemiotics, principal scientific source for Merleau-Ponty's 1956–58 Nature courses (Course 1: Animality, Course 2: Animality, the Human Body, Transition to Culture…
James J. Gibson
American psychologist (1904–1979), founder of ecological psychology. His The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception (1986; first edition 1979) develops the theory of perception as direct pickup of structural information from the optic ar…
Jean de La Fontaine
French poet and fabulist (1621–1695), author of the Fables choisies, mises en vers (12 books, 1668–1694). On the wiki La Fontaine appears through BS-I in the load-bearing role of supplying the seminar's opening epigraph and operative fable…
Jean Fourquet
French linguist (1899–2001). Author of "La Notion de Verbe," Journal de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique 43 (1) (1950): 72–96. The 1950 Fourquet paper is the textual anchor for Merleau-Ponty's critique of naïve linguistic universalism i…
Jean Hyppolite
French philosopher, the dominant Hegel-translator-and-commentator of the post-war French philosophical scene; MP's ENS condisciple, longtime friend, and intellectual interlocutor. Author of the historic French translation of Hegel's Phänom…
Jean Piaget
Swiss developmental psychologist and genetic epistemologist (1896–1980). For the wiki, Piaget matters as the contrast figure against whom Merleau-Ponty sets his own developmental phenomenology — and against whom Wallon is silently preferre…
Jean Wahl
French philosopher, the principal passeur of Hegel and Kierkegaard into French philosophy from the 1920s through the 1950s. Author of Le Malheur de la conscience dans la philosophie de Hegel (1929) — the foundational French Hegel-commentar…
Jean-Christophe Bailly
French writer, philosopher, poet, and essayist (b. 1949). Author of works on poetry, art, geography, animals, and time, often at the intersection of philosophy and literature. Close interlocutor of Nancy; co-editor (with Nancy) of La Compa…
Jean-François Lyotard
French philosopher (1924–1998); phenomenologist-turned-figural-theorist and later theorist of the "postmodern condition." For the purposes of this wiki he is primarily relevant as Carbone's interlocutor on the ontology of the screen — the…
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Genevan-French philosopher (1712–1778), author of Discours sur l'origine et les fondements de l'inégalité parmi les hommes (1755), Du contrat social (1762), Émile, ou De l'éducation (1762), Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse (1761), Les Confess…
Jean-Louis Chrétien
French Catholic phenomenologist and poet (1952–2019). Major figure of what Dominique Janicaud (in The Theological Turn of French Phenomenology, 1991) named the "theological turn" of French phenomenology — alongside Levinas, Michel Henry, J…
Jean-Luc Nancy
French philosopher (1940-2021), major figure in contemporary continental philosophy. Author of works on community (The Inoperative Community), the body (Corpus, Corpus II, Sexistence, Marquage manquant), art (The Muses, Noli me tangere, Ad…
Jean-Paul Sartre
French philosopher, novelist, and public intellectual (1905–1980). Merleau-Ponty's closest philosophical interlocutor through the 1940s and early 1950s, co-founder with MP of Les Temps Modernes (1945), and the addressee of the Introduction…
Jeffrey Jerome Cohen
American scholar working at the intersection of medieval studies, ecocriticism, and philosophy of history; author of "Time Out of Memory" (in E. Scala and S. Federico, eds., The Post-Historical Middle Ages, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). The w…
Johan Huizinga
Dutch cultural historian (1872–1945), best known for Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen (The Waning / Autumntide of the Middle Ages, 1919) and Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture (1938). In the wiki he enters as the central interlo…
Johann Gottfried Herder
German philosopher, theologian, literary critic, and pioneering philosopher of history and language (1744–1803). Three roles in Schelling's 1809 Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom: (1) the author of God. Some Co…
Johann Gottlieb Fichte
German idealist philosopher (1762–1814), author of the Wissenschaftslehre (1794 and multiple revisions), the Grundlage des Naturrechts (1796), the Reden an die deutsche Nation (1808). On the wiki, Fichte enters as a foil in Hegel's WdL: (i…
Johann Gustav Droysen
German historian (1808–1884), author of the Historik (lectures on the theory of history) and the historian who named "Hellenism." In Gadamer's Ch 3 he is "the acute methodologist" who advances on Ranke yet, like him, ends in "aesthetic-her…
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
German poet, novelist, natural-philosopher (1749–1832); cardinal figure of Weimar Klassik; his works span lyric poetry, drama (Faust I/II), the Bildungsroman (Wilhelm Meister), the philosophical novel (Die Wahlverwandtschaften), and natura…
John Archibald Wheeler
American theoretical physicist (1911-2008). Doctoral advisor to Richard Feynman; collaborator with Niels Bohr; coined "black hole," "wormhole," and "it from bit." Wheeler is the originator of the delayed choice experiment that has become o…
John of the Cross
Spanish Carmelite friar, mystical theologian, and poet (1542–1591). Canonized 1726; named Doctor of the Church 1926. Co-reformer of the Carmelite order with Teresa of Ávila. Major works: The Ascent of Mount Carmel (Subida del Monte Carmelo…
John Stuart Mill
English philosopher and logician (1806–1873), author of A System of Logic (1843). He enters the wiki as the chief named target of Husserl's Prolegomena (husserl-1900-logical-investigations-vol1) — the paradigm of "extreme, consistent psych…
Joseph Stalin
Soviet politician (1878–1953); General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death; effective ruler of the USSR from the late 1920s; principal author of the doctrine of "socialism in one country" and arch…
Joseph Vendryes
French linguist (1875–1960). Author of Le langage. Introduction linguistique à l'histoire (1921; English trans. Language. A Linguistic Introduction to History, trans. Paul Radin, Kegan Paul 1925). Merleau-Ponty cites Vendryes repeatedly ac…
José Gaos
Spanish-Mexican philosopher; Spanish Republican exile in Mexico from 1938; principal Spanish-language translator of Heidegger (the 1951 El ser y el tiempo — the first complete Castilian Sein und Zeit) and disciple of José Ortega y Gasset i…
Juan Manuel Garrido
Chilean philosopher of science and technology, working at the intersection of philosophy of biology, phenomenology of life, and political theory of techno-science. Linked to the Granel circle (Granel was his teacher) and the late-Nancean o…
Jürgen Habermas
German philosopher and social theorist (b. 1929), the leading second-generation figure of the Frankfurt School and of the critique of ideology. In the wiki he appears as Gadamer's critical-theory interlocutor — the source of the most influ…
Karl Jaspers
German-Swiss psychiatrist and existentialist philosopher (1883–1969), author of Philosophie (three vols., 1932), Existenzphilosophie (1938), Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte (1949), and many other works. With Heidegger, one of the two…
Karl Marx
German philosopher, economist, and political theorist (1818–1883); co-author with Friedrich Engels of The Communist Manifesto (1848); author of Capital (Vol. I 1867), the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (published 1932), The G…
Kazimierz Twardowski
Polish philosopher (1866–1938), student of franz-brentano, founder of the Lwów–Warsaw school. His Zur Lehre vom Inhalt und Gegenstand der Vorstellungen (1894) — the content/object distinction within every presentation — is the proximate Br…
Kurt Goldstein
German-American neurologist and psychiatrist (1878-1965). One of the cardinal scientific sources of Merleau-Ponty's philosophical work, cited extensively from The Structure of Behavior (1942) onward. Goldstein's clinical work on aphasia, h…
Lee Smolin
Theoretical physicist (Perimeter Institute, Waterloo, Ontario) and philosopher of physics. Author of Time Reborn (2013), The Trouble with Physics (2006, not in raw/), and The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time (2015, with Roberto Ma…
Leon Trotsky
Russian revolutionary and Marxist theorist (1879–1940); leader of the Red Army in the Russian Civil War; principal Bolshevik opponent of Stalin after Lenin's death; expelled from the USSR in 1929; founder of the Fourth International in 193…
Leonard Lawlor
American philosopher and translator; Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of Philosophy at Penn State University (since 2008; formerly Faudree-Hardin University Professor of Philosophy at the University of Memphis, where he served from 1990–2008).…
Leopold von Ranke
German historian (1795–1886), the founding figure of the modern historical school and of source-critical historiography ("how it actually was," wie es eigentlich gewesen). In Gadamer's Ch 3 he is the exemplar of the historical worldview wh…
Lisa van Sorge
Phenomenologist at Tilburg University working in contemporary Dutch phenomenological aesthetics. Author of "Painting as an Embodied Act of Framing: Toward a Phenomenological Aesthetics with Merleau-Ponty and Derrida" (Open Access, CC-BY-4.…
Lovisa Andén
Swedish Merleau-Ponty scholar; principal editor of Le problème de la parole (MétisPresses 2020). Author of the foreword to that edition, "Pour une phénoménologie du langage: le primat ontologique de la parole" (pp. 7-30).
Luca Taddio
Italian philosopher at the University of Udine, working at the intersection of Merleau-Pontyan phenomenology, Italian Gestalt experimental phenomenology (Trieste school: Bozzi, Burigana, Massironi, Kanizsa), and the philosophy of pictorial…
Lucien Febvre
French historian (1878–1956), co-founder of the Annales school of historiography with Marc Bloch. In the wiki's context, the positive model of historical method in Merleau-Ponty's 1954–55 Institution and Passivity course. MP reads Febvre's…
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Austrian-British philosopher (1889–1951). His later work — Philosophical Investigations (1953/2003), Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology (1980, Vols. 1–2) — engages problems of perception, depiction, aspect-seeing, and the relation bet…
Luis Villoro
Mexican philosopher, born in Barcelona to Spanish parents. Founder and de facto leader of the Hypérion philosophical group in Mexico City (autumn 1948–1953). Long-term professor at UNAM and the Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas; lat…
Léon Brunschvicg
French neo-Kantian philosopher (1869–1944); Sorbonne professor (1909–40); a dominant figure in French academic philosophy during MP's formation (late 1920s–early 1930s). Author of Les Étapes de la philosophie mathématique (1912), Le Progrè…
Madeleine Chapsal
French journalist and novelist (b. 1925); interviewer, sometime editor at L'Express. Author of Les Écrivains en personne (Julliard, 1960), a collection of interviews with major French intellectuals of her time. The Chapsal-conducted 1960 i…
Maine de Biran
French philosopher (1766–1824) of the body's motor-evidence and of the fait primitif. Author of the Essai sur les fondements de la psychologie et sur ses rapports avec l'étude de la nature. Per Saint Aubert (2006 Ch II §2), Biran is a card…
Marcel Proust
French novelist (1871–1922), author of À la recherche du temps perdu. In the wiki's context, Merleau-Ponty's privileged literary source for phenomenological evidence about love, memory, time, the body's grasp of space-time, and the "Albert…
Mariana Larison
Argentinian phenomenologist working on Merleau-Ponty's institution-concept, philosophy of history, and dialectic. Author of L'être en forme (2016) and Vers une phénoménologie de l'institution. Avec et au-delà de Merleau-Ponty (Zetabooks 20…
Marie-Eve Morin
Canadian philosopher (Professor of Philosophy, University of Alberta), comparative continental ontologist. Editorial Advisory Board of the New Perspectives in Ontology series (Edinburgh University Press). Editor of Continental Realism and…
Marilena Chauí
Brazilian philosopher (USP — University of São Paulo); a major Lusophone interpreter of Merleau-Ponty's politics. Her 2009 USP course manuscript Merleau-Ponty e a política — unpublished, preserved in tapescript form with original paginatio…
Martin Heidegger
German philosopher (1889-1976). In Merleau-Ponty's Course Notes, Heidegger receives "the most rigorous, detailed, and explicit engagement" found anywhere in Merleau-Ponty's oeuvre (Course 1, Part II.B). Merleau-Ponty traces the passage fro…
Maurice Blanchot
French writer, philosopher, and literary critic (22 September 1907 – 20 February 2003; cremated 24 February 2003). Author of Thomas l'obscur (1941), Aminadab (1942), Le Très-Haut (1948), La part du feu (1949), L'espace littéraire (1955), L…
Maurice Blondel
French Catholic philosopher (1861–1949), author of L'Action (1893) and L'Être et les êtres. Essai d'ontologie concrète et intégrale (1935). Per Saint Aubert (2006 Ch III §2b), Blondel is the cardinal genealogical source for Merleau-Ponty's…
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
French phenomenologist and philosopher (1908-1961). Professor at the Collège de France from 1952 until his sudden death from a heart attack on May 3, 1961 — he was reading Descartes's Dioptrique and preparing notes for his course "Cartesia…
Maurice Nédoncelle
French Catholic philosopher (1905–1976), close to the Mounier / Esprit circle and a major contributor to the personalist literature. Author of La Réciprocité des consciences (Aubier, 1942), La Personne humaine et la nature (PUF), and many…
Mauro Carbone
Italian philosopher (b. 1956) working primarily in French; specialist in Merleau-Ponty's aesthetics and ontology, and in the philosophical significance of cinema and digital screens. Senior Member of the Institut Universitaire de France; P…
Max Scheler
German phenomenologist (1874–1928); Munich phenomenology school. Author of Der Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale Wertethik (1913–16), Vom Umsturz der Werte (collection containing "Das Ressentiment im Aufbau der Moralen", 1912), Di…
Max Weber
German sociologist, political economist, and philosopher of history (1864–1920); author of Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus (1905), Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (posth. 1922), "Politik als Beruf" (1919), and methodol…
Max Wertheimer
Czech-Austrian psychologist (1880–1943), founder of Gestalt psychology. His 1923 paper Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Gestalt (English: "Laws of Organization in Perceptual Forms," in W. D. Ellis ed., A Source Book of Gestalt Psychology,…
Meister Eckhart
German Dominican theologian and mystic (c. 1260 – c. 1328), one of the cardinal voices of medieval Rhineland mysticism. Currently appears in the wiki as the proof-text anchor for love-as-ungrounded-primary-category in Simmel's love-fragmen…
Meyer Schapiro
American art historian, Lithuanian-born, professor at Columbia University; the principal art-historical theorist of New York's abstract-expressionist circle and a major scholar of Romanesque art, Cézanne, and Van Gogh. MP's American host f…
Michel de Montaigne
French Renaissance philosopher (1533–1592), author of the Essais. Merleau-Ponty reads Montaigne in Signs' "Reading Montaigne" (1947) as a proto-phenomenologist of incarnation — the first modern philosopher who takes "the 'mixture' of the s…
Michel Foucault
French philosopher and historian of systems of thought. Author of Folie et déraison: Histoire de la folie à l'âge classique (1961), Naissance de la clinique (1963), Raymond Roussel (1963), Les Mots et les choses (1966), L'Archéologie du sa…
Nelson Goodman
American philosopher (1906–1998), exponent of analytic aesthetics and constructive nominalism. His Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols (1968; 2nd ed. 1976) develops a denotational/symbolic theory of pictorial representatio…
Niccolò Machiavelli
Italian political theorist and diplomat (1469–1527), author of The Prince and the Discourses on Titus Livy. In Signs' "A Note on Machiavelli" (1949, originally given to a Rome-Florence conference on humanism and political science), Merleau…
Nicolas Berdyaev
Russian Orthodox Christian philosopher (1874–1948), exiled to France (1922) after expulsion from the Soviet Union; one of the central figures of the early-20th-century existentialist-personalist line. Author of The Meaning of the Creative…
Nikolai Bukharin
Russian Bolshevik and Marxist theorist (1888–1938); editor of Pravda (1918–29); General Secretary of the Comintern (1926–29); author of The ABC of Communism (1920, with Preobrazhensky), Historical Materialism (1921), The Economics of the T…
Novalis
German poet, philosopher, and mystic (1772–1801), born Georg Philipp Friedrich von Hardenberg. Major figure of early German Romanticism (the Jena circle, alongside Friedrich and August Wilhelm Schlegel, Tieck, Schelling). Author of Hymnen…
Parmenides
Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher (c. 515 BCE – after 450 BCE), of Elea in Magna Graecia. Author of a hexameter philosophical poem (the so-called Lehrgedicht) of which only fragments survive — most importantly Fragment I (the proem) and Fragm…
Patrick Heelan
Philosopher of science (1926–2015) whose hermeneutic-phenomenological account of scientific interpretation supplies the diagnostic vocabulary that Heinbokel adopts for redescribing scientific medicine within Merleau-Pontian expression theo…
Paul Celan
Romanian-born, German-language Jewish poet (1920–1970, born Paul Antschel; took pseudonym "Celan" as an anagram of his surname). Survivor of the Shoah (his parents were murdered in concentration camps). Author of Mohn und Gedächtnis (1952,…
Paul Claudel
French poet, dramatist, and essayist (1868–1955), author of Art poétique (1907). In the wiki's context, one of Merleau-Ponty's most deeply embedded literary sources — the origin of co-naissance and, through the Treatise on Co-Naissance, th…
Paul Cézanne
French post-Impressionist painter (1839–1906). For Merleau-Ponty, Cézanne is the paradigm case of phenomenology as attention and wonder, and the artist through whom MP articulates his thesis that painting is "philosophy in action." From Ph…
Paul Gauguin
French post-impressionist painter (1848–1903). Central subject of Carbone's Flesh of Images ch. 2 ("It Takes a Long Time to Become Wild"). Although Merleau-Ponty himself never focused philosophical attention on Gauguin, Carbone argues that…
Paul Klee
Swiss-German painter (1879-1940). In Merleau-Ponty's Course Notes, Klee is the primary exemplar of fundamental-thought-in-art — the implicit ontological inquiry that painting conducts. Merleau-Ponty's commentary on Klee "seems to have push…
Paul Natorp
German neo-Kantian philosopher (1854–1924), with Cohen the head of the Marburg school. In this corpus he is the named opponent of Investigation V's chapter on consciousness (husserl-1901-logical-investigations-vol2) — and, through the seco…
Paul Ricoeur
French philosopher (1913–2005) of phenomenology and hermeneutics. In the wiki's corpus Ricoeur figures principally as: (a) the philosopher whose 1973 dictum "the philosophical basis of the major book of 1945 [Phenomenology of Perception] h…
Paul Valéry
French poet, essayist, and philosopher (1871–1945). Source of two key terms in Merleau-Ponty's late ontology — "chiasm" and "implex" — and of the artist-becomes-organ figure MP cites in Eye and Mind. The 2026-04-28 ingest of Œuvres II Pléi…
Paul Yorck von Wartenburg
German philosopher and count (1835–1897), known chiefly through his correspondence with Dilthey and his fragmentary posthumous papers. In Gadamer's Ch 3 he is the surprise hero — "the missing link between Hegel's Phenomenology of Mind and…
Philippe Grosos
French philosopher; author of Des profondeurs de nos cavernes — Préhistoire – Art – Philosophie (Paris: Les éditions du Cerf, 2021), a book-length philosophical engagement with prehistoric cave art. Grosos advocates a shift in philosophica…
Pierre Klossowski
Pierre Klossowski (1905–2001) was a French novelist, essayist, translator, and painter whose Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle (1969) is one of the most influential and idiosyncratic readings of Nietzsche in twentieth-century European thoug…
Plato
Athenian philosopher (427–347 BCE), founder of the Academy, and author of the dialogues that became — already in late antiquity — the central texts of philosophy as such (Cooper, Introduction). For this wiki he is primarily a latent ancest…
Plautus
Roman comic playwright (c. 254–184 BCE), author of some 20 surviving comedies including Asinaria, Amphitryon, Miles Gloriosus, Aulularia, Mostellaria, Menaechmi (model for Shakespeare's Comedy of Errors). On the wiki Plautus appears in his…
Protagoras
Protagoras of Abdera (c. 490–420 BCE), the first and most famous of the Greek sophists — itinerant professional teachers of aretē (excellence/virtue) — and the figure after whom Plato's Protagoras is named. He appears in the wiki in two di…
Quentin Meillassoux
French philosopher (b. 1967), central figure in the speculative realist movement that emerged from the April 2007 Goldsmiths College workshop. Author of Après la finitude (2006; After Finitude, trans. Brassier 2008) — the foundational SR t…
Rajiv Kaushik
Professor of Philosophy at Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. Specialist in Merleau-Ponty's ontology, phenomenology, and psychoanalysis. Author of Merleau-Ponty Between Philosophy and Symbolism: The Matrixed Ontology (SUNY…
Raymond Aron
French philosopher, sociologist, political commentator. ENS condisciple of Sartre and MP (1924); agrégé 1928; doctorate 1938 with the Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire — the work MP critiques continuously from the Brussels 1946 l…
Raymond Ruyer
French philosopher (1902–1987), specialist in the philosophy of biology and animal behavior. In the wiki's context, Merleau-Ponty's primary source for the animal and embryological material in the 1954–55 Institution course. MP follows Ruye…
Renaud Barbaras
French phenomenologist (b. 1955), Professor at Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. Largely credited with sparking the Merleau-Ponty "renaissance" in French phenomenology in the early 1990s. Author of The Being of the Phenomenon: Merleau-…
René Descartes
French philosopher and mathematician (1596–1650). Already pervasive in this wiki as a topic (the cogito, the Cartesian way that Merleau-Ponty and Husserl both contest; "Descartes as a cultural institution … singular like a tone, a style, o…
René Magritte
Belgian surrealist painter (1898–1967). His paintings — especially Le faux miroir (1928), La condition humaine (1933), Le Jockey perdu (1948), Golconde (1953), Le Blanc-seing (1965), L'idée (1966), Le pèlerin (1966), Paysage de Baucis (196…
Ricardo Mendoza-Canales
Spanish-Peruvian phenomenologist working at Villanova University; editor of Merleau-Ponty: Institution-Ontology-Politics (Brill, 2026). Mendoza-Canales' chapter 4 — "The Adventures of Experience: Merleau-Ponty on Genesis and Institution" —…
Roman Jakobson
Russian-American linguist (1896-1982). One of the cardinal linguists of the twentieth century — co-founder of the Moscow and Prague Linguistic Circles; later at Harvard and MIT. For Merleau-Ponty, Jakobson's Kindersprache, Aphasie und allg…
Sara Ahmed
Independent feminist scholar (formerly Goldsmiths, University of London; Lancaster University), working at the intersections of feminist theory, queer theory, critical race theory, postcolonialism, and phenomenology. Author of Queer Phenom…
Sebastian Gardner
Professor of Philosophy at University College London; specialist on Kant, Schelling, and German Idealism, with sustained engagement of how the post-Kantian tradition bears on continental philosophy of mind and ontology. Two wiki sources sp…
Sigmund Freud
Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis (1856–1939). In the wiki's context, the primary interlocutor of Merleau-Ponty's 1954–55 Problem of Passivity course. MP engages Freud extensively but selectively: he keeps the clinical dis…
Simone de Beauvoir
French philosopher, novelist, and public intellectual (1908–1986). Educated at the École Normale Supérieure during the same period as Merleau-Ponty (Sorbonne / ENS late-1920s); lifelong intellectual partner of Sartre; author of Le deuxième…
Slavoj Žižek
Slovenian philosopher and cultural theorist (b. 1949), the most prominent contemporary exponent of a Lacanian-Hegelian reading of German Idealism. For this wiki Žižek matters in two roles: (1) as the author of The Indivisible Remainder: An…
Socrates
Athenian philosopher (c. 470–399 BCE), executed on charges of impiety and corrupting the youth, and the principal speaker of most of Plato's dialogues. Socrates wrote nothing: he philosophized only orally, in face-to-face question-and-answ…
Stendhal (Henri Beyle)
French novelist (1783–1842), born Henri-Marie Beyle in Grenoble; principal pseudonym "Stendhal" (after the German town Stendal); reputed to have used over 200 pseudonyms (César Bombet, Jules de Saint-Bertrand, etc.). Author of Le Rouge et…
Steven Shaviro
American philosopher and media theorist, DeRoy Professor of English at Wayne State University. Author of Without Criteria: Kant, Whitehead, Deleuze, and Aesthetics (2009); The Universe of Things: On Speculative Realism (2014); and other wo…
Susan Rothenberg
American painter (1945–2020). On the wiki, Rothenberg is the case study through which Caleb Faul (2024) argues for an interactive ontology of painting — a thesis about painting and the perceptual world that uses Rothenberg's 1990 painting…
Søren Kierkegaard
Danish philosopher and theologian (1813–1855), the père fondateur of modern existentialism, who articulated the "irreducibility of the source and spring of liberty" against the impersonal architectonic of Hegel's System. Author of Either/O…
Tamara Caraus
Contemporary phenomenologist working on Merleau-Ponty, Marxism, the proletariat, and the question. Contributor of chapter 12 — "Intensifying the Question: Merleau-Ponty and the Institution of the Proletariat" — to Merleau-Ponty: Institutio…
Taylor Knight
Author of Merleau-Ponty and the Essence of Nature: A Return to Elemental Symbolism (Edinburgh University Press, New Perspectives in Ontology series, 2024; foreword by Emmanuel Falque) — the wiki's primary source for the elemental-ontology…
Ted Toadvine
American philosopher and Merleau-Ponty scholar; author of The Memory of the World: Deep Time, Animality, and Eschatology (University of Minnesota Press, 2024). A key interpreter of MP's later philosophy of nature, animality, and the pre-pe…
Terry Pinkard
American philosopher (Professor at Georgetown), one of the foremost Anglophone Hegel scholars of the late 20c and early 21c. The wiki tracks Pinkard as the translator and editor of the 2018 Cambridge edition of Hegel's Phänomenologie des G…
The Athenian Stranger
The Athenian Stranger (the unnamed Athenian) is the protagonist of Plato's Laws — the anonymous lawgiver-philosopher who leads every argument and designs the colony of Magnesia. He is, significantly, not Socrates: Socrates is absent from t…
Thomas Hobbes
English philosopher (1588–1679), author of De Cive (1642/1647), Leviathan (1651), De Corpore (1655), De Homine (1658), Behemoth (1668, published posthumously 1681), Decameron Physiologicum (1678). The foundational figure of modern state-so…
Théodore F. Geraets
Belgian-Canadian philosopher (University of Ottawa); author of Vers une nouvelle philosophie transcendantale: La genèse de la philosophie de Maurice Merleau-Ponty jusqu'à la Phénoménologie de la perception (Nijhoff, 1971) — the foundationa…
Tim Ingold
British anthropologist (Professor Emeritus, University of Aberdeen), influential thinker on materials, perception, environment, and craft. Author of Being Alive: Essays on Movement, Knowledge and Description (2011 — BA) and many other work…
Timm Heinbokel
Pathologist (Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin) and philosopher of medicine working primarily on Merleau-Ponty's relevance for medical praxis. Author of "From Johann to Maurice: Science and Expression in the Philosophical Praxis of Medi…
Trần Đức Thảo
Vietnamese-French philosopher, phenomenologist, and marxist. Author of Phénoménologie et matérialisme dialectique (Minh-Tân, 1951; Gordon and Breach, 1985 trans.) — the principal work integrating Husserlian phenomenology with marxist mater…
Vincent Descombes
French philosopher (b. 1943) working in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and social philosophy. Major works include L'inconscient malgré lui (1977), Grammaire d'objets en tous genres (1983), Les institutions du sens (The Institu…
Vivian Sobchack
American film theorist; author of The Address of the Eye: A Phenomenology of Film Experience (1992) and Carnal Thoughts: Embodiment and Moving Image Culture (2004). Professor emerita at UCLA. On this wiki she matters as the phenomenologica…
Vladimir Lenin
Russian revolutionary and Marxist theorist (1870–1924); leader of the Bolshevik faction from 1903, of the Russian Revolution from 1917, and head of the Soviet government until his death. Author of What Is To Be Done? (1902), Materialism an…
Wilhelm Dilthey
German philosopher (1833–1911), Schleiermacher's biographer, and the great theorist of the "critique of historical reason" who sought to ground the human sciences (Geisteswissenschaften) in life. In Gadamer's genealogy he is the central pr…
Wilhelm von Humboldt
Prussian philologist, diplomat, and philosopher of language (1767-1835). Founder of the University of Berlin (now Humboldt-Universität); brother of the naturalist Alexander von Humboldt. For the wiki, Humboldt's relevance is mediated: Merl…
William James
American philosopher and psychologist (1842–1910), founder (with Peirce) of pragmatism and author of The Principles of Psychology (1890), The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902), and Pragmatism (1907). In the wiki he enters as Bergson…
William Pietz
Anthropologist and historian of ideas, author of the landmark multi-part essay series "The Problem of the Fetish" (Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics, 1985–1988) — a genealogy of the concept of the fetish as it emerged on the early-modern We…
Éric Weil
German-born French philosopher, naturalized 1938. Author of Logique de la philosophie (Vrin 1950) and Hegel et l'État (Vrin 1950) — both works on Hegel and post-Hegelian philosophy. Parallel reader of Hegel to MP in the late 1940s; lecture…