Browse — tag · twentieth-century

Tag: twentieth-century

Pages tagged with twentieth-century.

50 pages

• Aesthetic Consciousness

  Aesthetic consciousness (ästhetisches Bewußtsein) is Gadamer's diagnostic name, in Part One of Truth and Method, for the modern stance — founded by Schiller's "standpoint of art" — that makes the experiencing subject "the experiencing cent…

• Application (Anwendung)

  For Gadamer, application (Anwendung) is not a step that follows understanding but a moment intrinsic to it: "application does not mean first understanding a given universal in itself and then afterward applying it to a concrete case. It is…

• Bêtise

  Bêtise — the French word that the Random House dictionary mistranslates as "stupidity" — is the seminar's most-developed concept and its index-case of untranslatability. BS-I devotes Sessions 5, 6, 7, and large parts of 8 and 12 to it, wit…

• Call and Vocation (l'appel)

  Mounier's structural-vertical of the personal life across Personalism. The call (l'appel) is the structure through which freedom, value, vocation, and prophetic action all operate: freedom is "always something called forth" (Ch V, p. 60);…

• Carl Schmitt

  German jurist and political theorist (1888–1985), author of Politische Theologie (1922), Die Diktatur (1921), Der Begriff des Politischen / The Concept of the Political (1927/1932), Der Nomos der Erde (1950), Theorie des Partisanen (1963),…

• Christian Love (Simmel's Reconstruction)

  Simmel's philosophical reconstruction of Christian love as a distinct trans-vital love-form, structurally opposed to universal-philanthropy: Christian love embraces the total person — sinner as sinner, "without that 'in spite of'" (Oakes p…

• Economy of Donation

  Mounier's name in Personalism Ch II p. 22 for the anti-economic economy of the person: "The vitality of the personal impulse is to be found neither in self-defence (as in petty-bourgeois individualism) nor in life-and-death struggle (as wi…

• Effective History (Wirkungsgeschichte)

  Effective history (Wirkungsgeschichte, "history of effect") is Gadamer's name for the way history is already at work in all understanding, prior to and beneath any reflective awareness of it: "the power of effective history does not depend…

• Emilio Betti

  Italian jurist, legal historian, and theorist of interpretation (1890–1968), author of the Teoria generale della interpretazione (1955) and Die Hermeneutik als allgemeine Methodik der Geisteswissenschaften (1962). In the wiki Betti is Gada…

• Emmanuel Mounier

  French Catholic philosopher (1905–1950), founder and editor of the journal Esprit (1932– ), and central figure of the mid-twentieth-century personalist movement. Author of Manifeste au service du personnalisme (Aubier, 1936), Traité du car…

• Eugen Fink

  German phenomenologist (1905–1975), Husserl's research assistant at Freiburg from 1928 to Husserl's death in 1938; principal interpreter and developer of Husserl's late transcendental phenomenology; co-author of Husserl's Sixth Cartesian M…

• Fusion of Horizons (Horizontverschmelzung)

  The fusion of horizons (Horizontverschmelzung) is Gadamer's name for what happens in understanding: the apparent horizon of the present and the apparent horizon of the past (the text, the tradition) are not two self-standing standpoints to…

• Georg Simmel

  Berlin philosopher and sociologist (1858–1918) whose late Lebensphilosophie — the doctrine that life produces autonomous strata that transcend life — supplies one of the cardinal twentieth-century structural-philosophical alternatives to B…

• Georges Canguilhem

  French philosopher, physician, and historian of science (1904–1995), author of The Normal and the Pathological (1943), and one of the central pedagogical and institutional figures of twentieth-century French thought — a "point of contact"…

• Giorgio Agamben

  Italian philosopher (b. 1942), author of the Homo Sacer series (Homo Sacer, 1995; State of Exception, 2003; The Kingdom and the Glory, 2007; The Use of Bodies, 2014), The Coming Community (1990), The Open: Man and Animal (2002), What Is an…

• Hans-Georg Gadamer

  German philosopher (1900–2002), student of Heidegger (and of the Marburg neo-Kantians), and the founder of philosophical hermeneutics. His magnum opus Truth and Method (Wahrheit und Methode, 1960) reframed hermeneutics from a methodology o…

• Hermeneutic Experience (Erfahrung)

  Gadamer argues that historically effected consciousness "has the structure of experience (Erfahrung)" — and that genuine experience is dialectical, negative, and finite. "Every experience worthy of the name thwarts an expectation"; experie…

• Hermeneutics (Philosophical)

  Hermeneutics is the theory of understanding and interpretation. In Gadamer's Truth and Method it is decisively transformed: from an art or technique of correct interpretation (the older theological, legal, and philological hermeneutics; Sc…

• Individualism of Love

  Simmel's spectrum from love-by-type to love-by-individuality — anchored in the contrast between Goethe's two cardinal couples: Faust/Gretchen (love by type; replaceability remains possible in principle) and Eduard/Ottilie (in Wahlverwandts…

• Jacques Maritain

  French Catholic philosopher (1882–1973), associated with the Thomist revival and the Catholic-personalist movement. Author of Humanisme intégral (1936) / True Humanism — the cardinal Catholic-personalist political-philosophical statement o…

• Johan Huizinga

  Dutch cultural historian (1872–1945), best known for Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen (The Waning / Autumntide of the Middle Ages, 1919) and Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture (1938). In the wiki he enters as the central interlo…

• John Archibald Wheeler

  American theoretical physicist (1911-2008). Doctoral advisor to Richard Feynman; collaborator with Niels Bohr; coined "black hole," "wormhole," and "it from bit." Wheeler is the originator of the delayed choice experiment that has become o…

• Jürgen Habermas

  German philosopher and social theorist (b. 1929), the leading second-generation figure of the Frankfurt School and of the critique of ideology. In the wiki he appears as Gadamer's critical-theory interlocutor — the source of the most influ…

• Karl Jaspers

  German-Swiss psychiatrist and existentialist philosopher (1883–1969), author of Philosophie (three vols., 1932), Existenzphilosophie (1938), Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte (1949), and many other works. With Heidegger, one of the two…

• Linguisticality (Sprachlichkeit)

  In Part Three of Truth and Method, Gadamer makes the ontological turn to language: understanding is linguistic through and through (Sprachlichkeit). Language is "the medium of hermeneutic experience" — not a neutral instrument carrying pre…

• Love as a Formative Category

  Simmel's thesis in On Love (a fragment) (1923): love is one of the great formative categories of existence, joining the object of knowledge, the object of faith, and the object of valuation as a fundamental category of the subject-world re…

• Marionette

  The marionette is the figure where BS-I stages the undecidable threshold among mechanism, animal, human, and sovereign. "There are marionette and marionette" — the seminar's opening of S7 (p. 187). Derrida triangulates three "arts of the m…

• Maurice Blanchot

  French writer, philosopher, and literary critic (22 September 1907 – 20 February 2003; cremated 24 February 2003). Author of Thomas l'obscur (1941), Aminadab (1942), Le Très-Haut (1948), La part du feu (1949), L'espace littéraire (1955), L…

• Maurice Nédoncelle

  French Catholic philosopher (1905–1976), close to the Mounier / Esprit circle and a major contributor to the personalist literature. Author of La Réciprocité des consciences (Aubier, 1942), La Personne humaine et la nature (PUF), and many…

• More-than-Life

  Simmel's philosophical structure of life's self-transcendence: life produces, from its own energies, autonomous strata that exceed mere life — cognitive, religious, aesthetic, social, technical, normative — and these trans-vital strata ret…

• Nicolas Berdyaev

  Russian Orthodox Christian philosopher (1874–1948), exiled to France (1922) after expulsion from the Soviet Union; one of the central figures of the early-20th-century existentialist-personalist line. Author of The Meaning of the Creative…

• On Love (a fragment) Georg Simmel, 1984

  Author: Georg Simmel · Year: 1984 (translation; original German 1923, composition ca. 1907–1918) · Type: fragment

• Paul Celan

  Romanian-born, German-language Jewish poet (1920–1970, born Paul Antschel; took pseudonym "Celan" as an anagram of his surname). Survivor of the Shoah (his parents were murdered in concentration camps). Author of Mohn und Gedächtnis (1952,…

• Personalism Emmanuel Mounier, 1952

  Author: Emmanuel Mounier · Year: 1950 (French; English trans. Mairet 1952) · Type: book

• Personalism

  Mounier's synthesizing term for the mid-twentieth-century philosophical-political movement that affirms the person (la personne) — neither a thing nor a definition but "the one reality that we know, and that we are at the same time fashion…

• Personalization / Depersonalization

  Mounier's two-vector account of universal history in Personalism Ch I: history is constituted by the tension between personalization (the slow emergence of centres of indeterminacy out of matter's entropic monotony) and depersonalization (…

• Play (Spiel)

  Play (Spiel) is Gadamer's "clue to ontological explanation" in Part One of Truth and Method: the concept through which he determines the mode of being of the work of art. Stripped of the subjective meaning it carries in Kant and Schiller (…

• Political Fable (faire savoir, as-if, quasi-concept)

  The wiki's concept page for the fable as Derrida deconstructs it in BS-I: not as a literary genre external to political reason but as the internal mode of operation of political discourse itself. Valéry's late aphorism — "IN THE BEGINNING…

• Prejudice (Vorurteil)

  Gadamer's rehabilitation of prejudice is the most counterintuitive move of Truth and Method. A prejudice (Vorurteil, praejudicium) is, etymologically, a fore-judgment — "a judgment that is rendered before all the elements that determine a…

• Simone de Beauvoir

  French philosopher, novelist, and public intellectual (1908–1986). Educated at the École Normale Supérieure during the same period as Merleau-Ponty (Sorbonne / ENS late-1920s); lifelong intellectual partner of Sartre; author of Le deuxième…

• Sovereignty

  The wiki's master concept page for sovereignty as deconstructed by Derrida in The Beast and the Sovereign, Volume I (2001–2002) and Volume II (2002–2003), and as adjacently critiqued by Chouraqui (2021) ch. 9 from the MP-side. Sovereignty…

• Stendhal (Henri Beyle)

  French novelist (1783–1842), born Henri-Marie Beyle in Grenoble; principal pseudonym "Stendhal" (after the German town Stendal); reputed to have used over 200 pseudonyms (César Bombet, Jules de Saint-Bertrand, etc.). Author of Le Rouge et…

• Survivance / sur-vivance

  Derrida's late concept of trace, developed most explicitly in The Beast and the Sovereign, Volume II (2002–2003), session 5 (pp. 193–195): "a survivance whose 'sur-' is without superiority, without height, altitude or highness, and thus wi…

• The Tragedy of Love (Simmel)

  Simmel's philosophical articulation of love's tragic structure: love is tragic not because external fate destroys it, not because lovers collide with ethical substances, not because of any hamartia — but because love grows out of the life-…

• Tradition (Gadamer)

  For Gadamer, tradition (Überlieferung) is not the inert, given antithesis of reason but a living mode of preservation (Bewahrung) that is itself "an act of reason, though an inconspicuous one." We do not stand outside tradition and choose…

• Tragic Optimism

  Mounier's signature coinage at Personalism Ch I p. 16: "Between the impatient optimism of liberal and revolutionary illusion, and the impatient pessimism of the fascists, the right road for man is in this tragic optimism, where he finds hi…

• Truth and Method Hans-Georg Gadamer, 1989

  Author(s): Hans-Georg Gadamer · Year: 1960 (German; English trans. rev. Weinsheimer & Marshall) · Type: book

• Universal Philanthropy

  Simmel's articulation of a distinct trans-vital love-form: love directed at "everything that bears a human face" (Oakes p. 211), abstracted from individuality, kindred to but structurally distinct from both cosmic eros (pantheism of love)…

• William James

  American philosopher and psychologist (1842–1910), founder (with Peirce) of pragmatism and author of The Principles of Psychology (1890), The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902), and Pragmatism (1907). In the wiki he enters as Bergson…

• Zoo and Asylum (the autoptic-sovereign institution)

  The wiki's concept page for the structural-genealogical parallel BS-I develops between the zoological garden and the psychiatric hospital as twin sovereign-institutional spaces. Following Henri Ellenberger's "The Mental Hospital and the Zo…